An overhead line supplies the services of æreo transport for the passengers or the transport, generally a certificate or an authorization of recognized operation. The overhead lines affittano or possess their aircraft with which assuring these services and it can form the associations or the alliances with other overhead lines for the mutual benefit. The overhead lines vary from those with one mail transporting or a cargo of the single airplane, with international the overhead lines of full-service that work many hundreds of the airplanes. The services of overhead line can be categorizza you like being intercontinental, intracontinental, or domestic and can be work like the services or previewed letters to you. Jannus tony has united culvert Declares ' the flight trades previewed them of overhead line in the first place 1 January 1914 for the st Petersburg-directs, than, with time and the fusions, evolverebbe in the lines of the Delta Air, in the aerial ways of Braniff, American Airlines, United Airlines (originally a division of Boeing), in the overhead lines of the world of the transport, in the overhead lines of the north-west and the air lines orients them, in order to call some. At the same time, Juan Trippe has begun a crusade in order to generate a net of the air that would connect the America to the world and has realized this objective with its overhead line, aerial ways Americans of the world of the vaschetta, with a fleet of the flight boats that have connected Los Angeles to Schang-Hai and Boston to London. Pan Am was the only overhead line of the UNITED STATES to go international before the 1940s. The KLM, the oldest still carrying element that it works under the relative name originate them, have been founded in 1919. The first flight (worked to name of the KLM in Aircraft Transport and race) has transported two English passengers to Schiphol, Amsterdam from London in 1920. As other important European overhead lines of the time (see France and United Kingdom here under), the development begin them of the KLM depended heavy on the necessities to assist the connections with the colonial possessions to make-flung (Indian Dutch). It is only after the loss of the Dutch empire that the KLM has found in if based to a small country with little passengers upgrades them, depending heavy on the transfer traffic and was one of the first one in order to introduce ship-boy-arranges in order to facilitate the easy connections. France has begun a service of mail of the air in Morocco in 1919 that has been bought outside in 1927, changed tito it Aéropostale and iniettato with understood them for transformarsi in in an international carrying element important. In 1933, Aéropostale has failed, been nationalized and fused be with several other overhead lines in that what has been well to Air France. In Finland, the letter that establishes O/Y air (hour Finnair, one older still-operating overhead lines in the world) has been signed in the city of Helsinki the 12 september 1923. Junkers F 13 D-335 has been transformato in in the first aircraft of the company, once air has taken to the delivery 14 March to it 1924. The first flight was between Helsinki and Tallinn, understood them of the 20 Estonia and it has happened March 1924 more subsequently, one week. Lufthansa of the Germany has begun in 1926. Lufthansa, various of the greater part of the other overhead lines then, has become an important investor in the overhead lines outside of Europe, supplying the understood one them to Varig and Avianca. The constructed German airliners in Junkers, Dornier and fokker were then most advanced in the world. The peak of the German æreo travel has come in the mid-1930s, when the Nazi ministers of propaganda have approved of the beginning service trade them of zeppelin: the airship large was a symbol of industrial force, but the fact that has used inflammable hydrogen has provoked emergency restlessness that has culminated with the disaster of Hindenburg of 1937. The reason that the not-inflammable gas of helium has used hydrogen rather than was joined Declares the military embargo on helium. The British transport and the race of the aircraft of the company have begun London to service de Paris di 25 Th August 1919, this were the first normal international flight of the world. The element carrying of the small flag of United Kingdom during this period was imperial aerial ways, than they have been transformate in in BOAC (overseas British overhead lines Co.) in 1939. The imperial aerial ways have used the enormous biplanes of Handley-Pagina for the routes between London, Middle East and India: the images of imperial aircraft in means of the Rub' to the Khali, being carrying out from Bedouins, are between the more famous images from the heyday of the British empire. The first country in Asia in order to embrace the æreo transport was the Philippines. 26 the Philippine overhead lines have been founded February 1941, rendendogli the oldest carrying element of Asia still that it works under the relative running name. The overhead line has been begun from a group of the businessmen lead from Andres Soriano, hailed then like one of the main manufacturers of the Philippines. The first flight of the overhead line has been made 15 March 1941 with a single aircraft NPC-54 of model 18 of the faggio, that it has begun the relati to you daily services between Manila (from the field of Nielson) and Baguio, more subsequently in order to expand with greater aircraft which the viscount of Vickers and DC-3. Considerable Philippine the overhead lines have affittato Japan Airlines their first aircraft, "a Kinsei" called DC-3. The 31 July 1946, the Philippine overhead lines instituted DC-4 ferried 40 mechanics Americans to Oakland, California from the airport of Nielson in the city of Makati with the arrests to in Guam, isolates of awakening, Johnston Atoll and Honolulu, Hawaii, rendering to pal Asian aerial front line in order to cross the pacific ocean. A normal service between Manila and San Francisco has been begun in December. It was during this year that the overhead line has been indicated like the carrying element of the small flag of the Philippines. An other company of overhead line in order to begin the operations begins them was Air India, that it has had relative beginning like overhead lines of Tata in 1932, one division sons srl (the hour group of Tata di Tata) from main manufacturer JRD Tata of India. 15 October 1932, J. R. D. same Tata he has flown one mails of transporting air of the single lepidottero engined of the De Havilland Puss (mail mails them of the imperial aerial ways) from Karachi to Bombay via Ahmedabad. The aircraft is continued to Madras via Bellary piloted from pilot Nevill Vincent of the real aeronautics. To continuation of the conclusion of the second world war, the service trades them normal has been red-establish in India and the overhead lines of Tata have been well to one public limited liability partnership the 29 July 1946 under the name of Air India. After independence of India, 49% of the overhead line have been acquired from the government of India. In exchange, the overhead line has been assigned the condition in order to work the international services to leave from India like the indicated carrying element of the small flag under the name of Air international India. Of the countries æreo transport soon also embraced close, considerable with cathay Pacific founded in 1946, overhead lines de Singapore and overhead lines malaysian in 1947 (like malesi aerial ways), Garuda Indonesia in 1949 and Japan Airlines founded in 1951. With the explosion of world war two, the presence of overhead line in Asia has come to relative stopping, with many new carrying elements of the small flag that donate their aircraft for the military subsidy and other uses. The second world war, like the world.war.i, has carried the new life to the industry of overhead line. Many overhead lines in the countries ally to you were to level from lease contract contracts to the soldiers and have previewed one demanded explosive future of civil æreo transport, for are the passengers who the cargo. Which were yearnings to recently invest in the ships flagship of emersione of the æreo travel the Stratocruiser Boeing, constellation of Lockheed and Douglas DC-6. The greater part of the this new aircraft has been bases on the bombers Americans to you which the B-29, that which pressurization has had search condutta on the new technologies. The greater part offers has increased the efficiency is from speed added that from larger the payload. The great push following for the overhead lines would come in years 70, when Boeing 747, Mcdonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 have inaugurated ("Jumbo-jet") the service widebody, that he is still the champion in the international race. Tupolev Tu-144 and relative controparti western, the Concorde, rendered to supersonic race one truth. In 1972, Airbus has begun to produce the line more commercially succeeded of Europe of the airliners end here. The added efficiencies for the this aircraft often were not in the speed, but in the capienza of the passenger, payload and the range. While the conjunctural cycle has sent back to the normalcy, the overhead lines important have dominated their routes with the offered ones of additional capienza and aggressive prices, often overflowing the new departures. Only the overhead lines to the west of the America (that from it has then fused with the aerial ways of the United States) are remained a meaningful survivor from this was of the new task, like the dozens, even hundred, have gone under. In many senses, the larger winner in the diregolarizzato atmosphere was the passenger of the air. Effectively, the UNITED STATES have testified an explosive increase of the demand for the travel æreo, altretanti the million that they have not never had or flown very rarely before have been the fins of filatoio normal, even unentesi programs loyalty of the frequent fin filatoio and receiving the free flights and other benefits from their flight. The new services and most vhf have meant that the fins of filatoio of transactions could fly to an other city, make the commerce and send back the same day, in order nearly whichever point in the country. The advantages of the æreo travel have put the lines of interurban buses under pressure and the greater part has withered via. Therefore the 50 last years of the industry of overhead line have varied from reasonably favorable, devastatingly to the gotten depressed one to. Like the first main market for diregolarizzare the industry in 1978, the overhead lines of the UNITED STATES have perceived more turbulence that nearly any other country or region. , today nearly every single carrying element of the inheritance except American Airlines has worked under the dispositions of failure of understood it 11 or has exited of the commerce. Many countries have national overhead lines that the government possesses and works. Completely classified the overhead lines are in compliance with the very many regulation of government for the economic, political worries and of emergency. As an example, the government often takes part to the actions of job of overhead line of stopped in order protect the free flow of people, the communications and the goodses between the different regions without compromise emergency. Joined It declares, Australia and to an inferior degree Brasi them, Mexico, United Kingdom and Japan "has diregolarizzato" their overhead lines. In the past, these governments have dictated the airfares, direct the nets and other requirement operated you of every overhead line. From deregulation, the overhead lines have been in great part free to negotiate their own dispositions of operation with different airports, they enter and they remove easy in the routes and to impose the airfares and to supply the flights according to the market demand. The barriers of the entrance for the new overhead lines are lower in a diregolarizzato market and so as to the UNITED STATES have seen the hundreds of the overhead lines to begin in on (to times in order only a short period of operation). That has produced the competition very greater that before deregulation in the greater part of the markets and the prices of average stretches to falling 20% or more. The added competition, with to the appraisal freedom, means that the new tasks often take the percentage of the market with the rates highly reduced that, to a limited degree, the complete overhead lines of service must bind together. That is an important tie on profit for the established carrying elements, that they stretch to having a higher base than cost. The groups which the international organization of civil aeronautics all over the world establishes the champions for vital emergency and other worries. The greater part of international the æreo traffic is regulated from the bilateral agreements between the countries, than carrying elements specific it designates in order to make to you to work over the specific routes. The model of a such agreement was the agreement of the Bermude between the United States and BRITISH after the second world war, that it has indicated the airports to use for the flights ocean-going liners and has given to every government the authority in order to name the carrying elements in order to make to work the routes. The bilateral agreements are base to you "on the freedoms of the air," a group of the rights generalize you of traffic that vary from the freedom for overfly a country to the freedom in order to supply the domestic flights to the inside of a country (assigned a lot very rarely to right known like cabotage). The greater part of the agreements concurs the overhead lines to fly from theirs pæse of origin to the airports indicates to you in the other country: some moreover extend the freedom in order to supply the continuous service to pæse a third party, or an other destination in the other country while they transport the passengers from overseas. In years 90, "the agreements of open skies" have become more common. These agreements take many of these regolarici feedings from declare the governments and open the international routes to ulterior competition. The open agreements of skies have come to contact of a sure critic, especially to the inside of European Union, of which the overhead lines they would be one svantaggiato comparative with joined Declares ' because of the limitations of cabotage. An argument is that the esteriorità positive, which more high due development total mobility, exceeds the microeconomic losses in weight and justifies to continue the participation of government. A high level historically of participation of government in the industry of overhead line can be seen like member of a wider political consent on the strategic shapes of transport, which the main roads and the railroads, both which they receive the public who constitutes a bottom for in greater the part of the world. The profit is probable to improve in happening poichè the continuous privatization and the carrying elements to low cost more competiti to you proliferano. Because of the complications in the flights of programming and the carrying out profit, the overhead lines have many loops-hole that can be used from the informed traveller. Many of these secrets of airfare are becoming more and than more known the great public, so as to the overhead lines are forced in order to proceed to the constant recordings. The greater part of the use of overhead lines has differentiated estimating, a shape of distinction of prices, in order simultaneously to sell the ærei services to the prices of variation to the different segments. The factors that influence the price include the days remaining until alla departure, al reserved factor del loaded, alla forecast della demanded total dal point of prices, alla competitive appraisal in the vigor and alle variations of day della week della departure and within the hour. The carrying elements often complete this every dividend shack of the aircraft (in the first place, commerce and economy) in a sure number of codes category of race for the scopes of appraisal. A complicating factor is that one of control of the origin-destination ("O&D control"). Someone that buys a ticket from Melbourne to Sydney (as example) for $200 (AUD) is competing to qualcun' other that desires flying Melbourne to Los Angeles through Sydney on the same flight and that is disposed to pay $1400 (AUD). Would have the overhead line to prefer passenger $1400, or more $200 passenger a possible passenger de Sydney-Los Angeles that it wants to pay $1300? The overhead lines must giornalmente make the hundreds of the migliaia of the similar decisions of appraisal. The introduction of the systems computerizes to you advances you of reservations towards the end of years 70, the more considerable Sabre, conceduta the overhead lines in order to easy carry out the yield and cost analyses on the different structures of appraisal, leading nearly in order to that is perfect distinction of prices in some cases (filling up every center on an aircraft to the elevated price more that it can be made without to guide the consumer elsewhere). The distinction of prices is considered a practical one anti-business and is defined like definition of distinctions of prices: different prices for the identical products. This is technically the total of the specific action of the other overhead line, without violation laws. The overhead lines archaic, with ship-boy-arrange and the not profitable structures of appraisal, have defined legal this concept like attack to the commerce, even if this action is not outside of law. The carrying elements of low cost (LCC' s) are new on the scene and they have not decided of the contacts or means in order proscrivere this practical definition of a pure legal one of transactions (in which they have chosen to participate) as practical monopolistic to those with the structure of sopraccennata appraisal archaic. The carrying elements national still have to define as the distinction is an injurious action intenionally and volitionally injurious on their commerce from a competitor. Laws that proteggono the commerce can be applied, or those who has the greater effect can insinuate without test that they are dealt unfairly and they can use therefore their legal charter like the defender in order to limit the manuevaribility of LCC' s to the inside of the market. An example is that they demand the taxes from the government of the United States for the specific airports, for which the citizen receives the exemption or the subsidy for the treatment of a)seniority/grandfathering, or condition b)legal like financially on the edge (that is pre-failure). The intense nature of appraisal of airfare has lead to the term "price war" in order to describe to the efforts the overhead lines to cut to other overhead lines on the competitive routes you. Through the computers, the new ones airfares can be publish to you quickly and efficiently to rabbets of sales of the overhead lines. To this fine the overhead lines use the Airline Tariff Publishing Company (ATPCO), that they more distribute the last prices in order than 500 overhead lines to the reservation systems of the calculating through the world. the overhead lines of Full-service have a high level of the fixed operating costs and in order to establish and to carry out the ærei services: job, fuel, airplanes, motors, parts of recambio and you leave, IT services and nets, equipment of the airport, airport that handle the services, distribution of sales, supplying, training, assurance of aeronautics and other costs. Therefore all but one small percentage of the yield from the sales of the ticket is paid outside to a wide variety of external suppliers or inner centers of cost. Moreover, the industry is structured so that the overhead lines often act as from tax collectors. The fuel of overhead line is, however, taxed had a series of it does not deal to you that they exist between the countries. The prices of the ticket include a sure number of taxes, of taxes and of sovrattasse that they have little or no control over and these they are passes through several to the suppliers. The overhead lines are moreover responsible of making to respect the government regulations. If the overhead lines transport the passengers without documentation adapted on an international flight, are responsible of the restitution they of new to the beginning country. In opposition, the overhead lines of the south-west have been most favorable of the companies of overhead line from 1970. Effectively, some sources have calculated the south-west for being the action of effettuazione better during the period, surpassing Microsoft and a lot other high that they carry out the companies. The main reasons for this are their control of consistency and cost of the product. The diffuse entrance of new race of the overhead lines of low cost that begin to the end of the century has accelerated the demand that the carrying elements full of service control the costs. Many of these companies of low cost emulate the overhead lines of the several south-west in respects and like the south-west, they can eke towards the outside a constant profit during all is made of the conjunctural cycle. Consequently, a shakeout of the overhead lines it is being introduced in the UNITED STATES and elsewhere. United Airlines, the aerial ways of the United States (two times), the lines of the Delta Air and the overhead lines of the north-west have all the declared failure of understood it 11 and the American has avoided to mala pain to make therefore. Alitalia, arranges Scandinavian of overhead lines, SABENA, Swissair, arranges of air of Japan, Viasa, Air Canada, Ansett Australia and others flirted with or failure declared from 1995, poichè debuttanti of low cost also approach their home markets. Some support that it would be very better for the industry in together if a wave of the real closings had to reduce the number of overhead lines "of the undead" that they compete to the overhead lines knows of it while artificially was protect from the creditors via failure law. Of other part, some have specified that the reduction of the capienza would be of short duration poichè would be great amounts of relatively new aircraft that the failures would wish to eliminate and king-enter the market as fleets increased for the survivors or the base of the little expensive airplane for the new departures. The financing of overhead line is enough complex, since the overhead lines are operations highly leveraged. They must buy (or not only lease contract) the new agencies of airliner and motors regularly, must take the decisions of long duration important of the fleet with the objective to answer to the requirements of their markets while they produce a fleet that is relatively economic to work and to carry out. Comparisons the overhead lines of the south-west and their resource to a single type of the airplane (Boeing 737 and derive to you), to the air lines it orients them hour defunct that 17 different types of aircraft have worked, everyone with the pilot of variation, the motor, the maintenance and the needs of support. A second edition financial institution is that one of the purchases of the oil and the fuel of the hedging, that they are usually in the second place only to the job in the relative relative cost to the company. However, with the prices it elevates currents to you of the fuel has been transformato in in the greatest cost to one overhead line. While protect the instruments it can be expensive, it can pay if easy same more times in the periods of the increasing costs of the fuel, which in period 2000-2005. In consideration of the congestion appearing to many international airports, the property of rabbets to determines airports to you (the right to the takeoff or lands an aircraft to an hour or a particular night) has been transformata in in a good trades them meaningful for many overhead lines. Clearly the rabbets of takeoff to the popular times of the day can be critical in attracting the traveller more favorable than transactions to the flight of the date overhead line and in the stabilization of the competitive advantage against one competent overhead line. If a particular city has two or more airports, the forces of the market will stretch to attract the less favorable routes, or those on which the competition she is more weak person, to the airport more than less congested, in which rabbets they are probable to be more available and therefore more little expensive. Other factors, which the facilities of transport surface and the connections in ahead, moreover will interest the appeal relative of the different airports and some flights of long distance can need working that one with the longer track beginning from. The compartecipazione of code is the type more common than association than overhead line; it is involved an overhead line that sells tickets for the flights of an other overhead line under relative just the code of overhead line. An example begins them of this was association of compartecipazione of code of the Japan Airlines with Aeroflot in years 60 on the flights from Tokyo to Moscow: Aeroflot has worked the flights for means of the aircraft of the Aeroflot, but the JAL has sold tickets for the flights like if they were flights of the JAL. This practical one allows at least that the overhead lines expand their operations, on paper, in the parts of the world in which they cannot be allowed to establish the bases or to buy the aircraft. An other example was the association Austrian of Sabena on Vienna-Bruxelles-Nuovo route de York JFK during late years 60, using a Sabena Boeing 707 with the colors Austrians. Since the demands for reservation of overhead line are often made from the city-connection (which "the exposure me flights from Chicago to Düsseldorf"), an overhead line that can codify the part with an other overhead line for a variety of routes could be able to be listed like effectively offered of the flight deChicago-Chicago-Düsseldorf. The passenger recommends itself however, that overhead line 1 works the flight from the Chicago opinion to Amsterdam and overhead line 2 works the continuous flight (on a different airplane, to times from an other finishes them) to Düsseldorf. Therefore the explanation rations them primary for the compartecipazione of code must expand its offered ones of service in the terms of city-connection so as to to increase the sales. Often the companies join it operations, they buy the fuel, or they buy the airplanes as a block in order to more realize the contractual power on. However, the alliances have more succeeded to buy the invisibili refueling and services, which combustible. The overhead lines usually prefer to buy visible articles to their passengers in order to differ from the local competitors. If main the domestic competitor of the overhead line flies the airliners of the Boeing, then the overhead line can prefer to use the aircraft of the Airbus without R-with regard to that what the rest of the alliance chooses. Every responsible of a programmed letter flight or uses marks them of call of overhead line when she communicates with the airports or the centers of control of æreo traffic. The greater part of these call-signs is derives you from the denomination trades them of the overhead line, but in reason of history, the sale, or the necessity to reduce the ambiguity in spoken English (so that the pilots do not take the decisions of navigation erroneously based on the instructions published to a different aircraft), in some overhead lines and aeronautics use the call-signs relati you less obviously to their denomination trade them. As an example, British Airways uses a call-sign of Speedbird, called after the brand of relative predecessore, BOAC while the west of the America has used the cactus that it reflects the center of that company in declaring of Arizona and to differ from numerous other overhead lines using the America and the west in theirs marks them of call. The industry is cyclical. Four or five years of poor performances precede five or six years of the improved performances. But the profit during the good years is generally low, in the net profit range 2-3% after interest and tax. In time of the profit, the overhead lines affittano the new generations of the airplanes and modernize to the services in answer more much demand. From 1980, the industry has not earned behind the cost of understood them during the better thing of the periods. For against, in the defective periods the losses can dramatically be defective.
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