In principle, a postal service can be public or private. Governments often place restrictions on private post. Since the mid-19th century national postal systems have generally has been set up as public monopolies with a prepaid fee on the article. Proof of payment is often in the form of adhesive stamps, postage meters are also used for bulk mailing. The art of communication by means of a written documents through a person or a place to the other almost certainly dates back almost to the invention of writing. However, the development of postal services formal systems occurred much later. The first documented use of a courier service organised for the dissemination of written documents is in Egypt, where the pharaohs couriers used for the dissemination of their decisions in the territory of the State (2400 BC). This practice almost certainly has roots in the much older practice of oral messages and May are built on an existing infrastructure. The first credible claim for the development of a genuine item comes from Persia (now Iran), but the point of the invention in question. The best-documented claim (Xenophon) attributes the invention of the Persian King Cyrus the Great (550 BC), while other writers credit his successor Darius I of Persia (521 BC.) Other sources claim much earlier dates for an Assyrian post, with credit given to Hammurabi (1700 BC) and Sargon II (722 BC.) Mail may not have been the primary task of the postal service, however. The role of the system as intelligence gathering apparatus is well documented, and the service was angariae (later), a term that in time changed to indicate that a tax system. The Old Testament (Esther, VIII) makes mention of this system: Ahasuerus, king of the Medes, couriers used for the communication of its decisions. The Persian system worked at stations (the so-called Chapar-Khane), where the message carrier (called Chapar) would drive to the next post, after which he would swap his horse with a fresh one, for maximum performance and speed of delivery. Herodotus described the system in this way: "It is said that many days when there throughout the journey, so many are the men and horses that stand along the road, each horse and man at the interval of a day trip, and this have been neither snow or rain, nor heat nor darkness of the completion of their appointed course with all speed "[2]. By the end of the eighteenth century the post in India had achieved impressive degree of efficiency. According to the British national Thomas Broughton, the Maharaja of Jodhpur sent daily supply of fresh flowers from his capital Nathadvara (320 km) and they arrived in time for the first religious Darshan at sunrise. [8] Later this system underwent complete modernisation when the British Raj found that the complete control over India. The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in the Council had the exclusive right of the transmission of letters through the mail for rent within the territory of the East India Company. The mails are available to certain officials without charge, which was a controversial privilege as the years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on October 1, 1837 [9]. China enjoyed postal relay stations since the Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), this network has been greatly improved and expanded in the rule under Mongol Kublai Khan. Postal stations were not only used for the transmission and delivery of official mail, but are also available for travel officials, military men, foreign dignitaries. These stations aided and facilitated the transport of foreign and domestic honours, and trade in general. By the end of Kublai Khan rule there were more than 1400 postal stations, which in turn had at their disposal about horses 50000, 1400 oxen, donkeys 6700, 400 carts, boats 6000, more than 200 dogs and 1150 sheep. [10] Well before the Middle Ages and during them, homing pigeons were used for the pigeon post, using a unique quality of this bird, who was taken far from its nest in a position to meet its way home due to a particularly developed sense of orientation. Messages were then linked around the feet of the dove, who was released and could reach its original nest. Many religious orders had a private mail service, in particular the Cistercians' more than 6000 connected abbeys, monasteries and churches. The best organization, however, was built by the Knights Templar. The newly established universities had their own departments, from Bologna (1158). In 1505, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I post in a central government, the appointment of Franz von Thurn und Taxis to run. The Thurn and Taxis family, then known as Tassis, had operated postal services between the Italian city states from 1290 onwards. After the abolition of the Empire in 1806 the Thurn and Taxis post continued as a private organization, remain in the era before finally stamp is absorbed into the postal system of the new German Empire after 1871. The word mail comes from the medieval English word male (spelt that way until the 17th century), which was the term used to describe a travel bag or package. [11] The French have a similar word, malle for a tribe or a big box, mála And the Irish for a bag. In the 1600s the word mail began to appear as a reference for a bag that those letters: "bag filled letter" (1654). Over the next hundred years the word mail began to be applied strictly to the letters themselves, and the bag if the mailbag. In the 19th century the British usually referred to as mail letters that were sent abroad (ie on a ship), and mail such as letters that were localized delivery in the United Kingdom Royal Mail delivers post, while in the US US Postal Service delivers the mail. The term e-mail (short for "electronic mail") first appeared in 1982. The term snail-mail is a retronym that was created in 1983 to distinguish it from the faster e-mail. Modern e-mail is being organized by the national and privatized services, which are mutually linked by international regulations, organizations and international agreements. Paper letters and packages can be sent to almost every country in the world relatively easily and cheaply. The Internet has the process of sending letter-type messages almost immediately, and in many cases and situations correspondents use of electronic mail where they previously would have used letters (although the volume of paper mail continues to grow.) [12] The global postal system with the individual national postal systems of the world is self-governing states is coordinated by the Universal Postal Union, which among other things proposes international postage rates, defines the standards for postage and the system of the International Reply Coupons. In most countries a system of codes has been made (they are called ZIP Codes in the United States, postal codes in the United Kingdom and Australia, and postal codes in most other countries), so the automation of operations. This includes placing additional brands at the address that part of the letter or e-mail item, the so-called "bar coding." Bar coding of e-mail for delivery is usually expressed either by a series of vertical bars, usually called POSTNET coding, or a series of points as a two-dimensional bar code. The "block of dots" method makes it possible to encode the proof of payment of postage, exact routing for the supply, and other functions. The ordinary postal service was improved in the 20th century with the use of aircraft for faster delivery (air mail). The first scheduled airmail service took place between the London suburb of Hendon and Windsor on September 9, 1911. Some methods of airmail proven ineffective, however, including the United States Postal Service experiment with rocket mail. Worldwide, the most common method of prepaying postage by buying a stamp adhesive to be applied to the envelope for mailing, a much less common method is to use a postage-prepaid envelope. Franking is a method of creating postage prepaid envelopes under license with a special machine. They are used by companies with large mailers such as banks and direct mail companies. In 1998 the US Postal Service has empowered the first tests of a secure system of sending digital francs over the Internet out to a PC printer, obviating the need for a special license franking machine and the ability for companies with smaller mail program's use of the option, which was later extended to the testing of the use of personalized postage. The service of the US Postal Service in 2003, the franc to be printed on special adhesive-backed labels. In 2004 the Royal Mail in the United Kingdom introduced its SmartStamp Internet-based system, making it simple to print labels or envelopes. Similar systems are considered by the Post Office across the world. When the pre-paid envelope or package has been accepted in the e-mail by an agent of the postal service, the agent usually gives through a cancellation that it is no longer valid for a pre-payment of postage. The exceptions are when the agent forgets or ignores every mailpiece, for the stamps that have been cancelled in advance and thus no need for the cancellation and, in most cases, measured mail. (The "personalized stamps" by the USPS and manufactured by Zazzle and other businesses are in fact a form of a meter label and not have to be canceled.) Documents can not be read by anyone other than the recipient, for example in the United States is a violation of federal law for anyone other than the recipient of the mail to open. However, exceptions exist, such as postcards, which can be read by the postman for the purpose of the identification of the sender and recipient. For mail contained in an envelope, there are legal provisions in some jurisdictions with which the recording identities. [13] The privacy of correspondence is guaranteed by the Mexican Constitution, and is alluded to in the European Convention of Human Rights [14] and the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. [13] According to the laws in the relevant jurisdiction, the correspondence can be openly or secretly opened or the contents determined by another method, by the police or other authorities in some cases with respect to their relevance to an alleged criminal conspiracy or Suspected, although black rooms (largely in the past, but there is apparently some continuation of its use today) open and open letters extralegally. Military mail to and from soldiers on active deployment is often subject to strict censorship. International mail and packages are subject to customs control. Modern alternatives such as the telegraph, telephone and e-mail, the attractiveness of paper mail for many applications. Sometimes these modern alternatives are more attractive because, unlike paper mail, there is no concern about unknown people learn your address from the address on the outside of an envelope. Modern alternatives can be better than on paper mail as vandalism may occur with mailboxes (although it could also be argued that paper mail is not possible for computer viruses). Also dangerous risks exist for the mail carriers as unfriendly pets or bad weather. Because of the dangers or discomforts postal carriers may refuse, official or otherwise, to deliver mail to a particular address (for example, if there is a clear path to the door or mailbox is not present). Post is still widely in use for business (because of the special legal status of signatures in some situations, and in many jurisdictions, etiquette, or transfer of things that can not be done by the computer, such as a certain texture, or , of course, items in packages), and for a number of personal communication. For example, wedding invitations in some Western countries are usually sent via e-mail. Since the advent of e-mail, which is almost always faster (barring some extreme technical malfunction, computer virus or something similar), the post has been referred to in Internet slang by the retronym "post". Occasionally, the term "white mail" or "PaperNet" is also used as a neutral term for the post. In modern times, especially in the 20th century, mail has found an evolution in vehicles using newer technologies to deliver the documents, in particular through the telephone network, these new vehicles include telegram, telex, fax (fax) e-mail, short message service (SMS). There are methods which combined mail and some of these newer methods, such as INTELPOST, facsimile transmission combined with overnight delivery. These vehicles joint use of a mechanical or electro-mechanical standardized writing (typing), which on the one hand makes for a more efficient communication, but on the other hand, makes it impossible characteristics and practices that were traditionally in conventional mail, such as calligraphy . Stamps are also subject of a special form of collecting, and in some cases, when the demand far exceeds the supply, their commercial value on this specific market can be enormously greater than the face value, even after use. For some the sale of postal stamps for collectors who will never use them is a major source of income, for example stamps from Tokelau, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Tristan da Cunha, Niuafo'ou and many others. Stamp collecting is commonly known as postzegelkunde, although strictly the last term refers to the study of stamps. Another form of collecting postcards, a document written on a sheet of paper robust, usually decorated with photographic images or artistic drawings on one side, and short messages on a small part of the other side, that the scope for The address. In strict philatelic use, the postcard can be distinguished from the postal card, a pre-printed stamps on the map. The fact that this communication is visible by other than the recipient often the messages are written in jargon. Letters are often examined as an example of the literature, and also in the biography in the case of a famous person. Part of the New Testament of the Bible is composed of the apostle Paul's epistles to Christian churches in different parts of the Roman Empire. See below for a list of famous letters. Although many things are sent through the mail, interpersonal letters are often thought in the first reference to the Post Office. Handwritten correspondence, while once an important means of communication between people at a distance, is now used less frequently due to the advent of more direct way of communicating, such as the telephone or e-mail. Traditional letters were often as rakes back to a simpler time "and is still used if someone would like to deliberate and thoughtful about his or her communication. Accounts and invoices are often through the mail, such as billing regular correspondence from utilities and other service providers. These letters often contain a self-addressed envelope so that the recipient contract payment back to the company easy. although still very common, many people now choose to use online bill payment services, which eliminate the need to receive bills through the mail. Bulk mail is mail that is prepared for bulk mailing, often by presorting and processing at reduced rates. It is often used in direct marketing and other commercial solicitations sent by advertisers, but it has other applications. senders of these messages may purchase lists of addresses (which are sometimes targeted at specific demographic) and then sends letters advertising their product or service to all recipients. Other times, commercial solicitations are sent by local companies advertising of local products, such as a restaurant delivery service advertising for their delivery or in a store sending their weekly advertising circular one general area. Bulk mail is often sent to companies' existing subscriber bases, advertising new products or services. Postal cards and postcards are small message cards that are sent via e-mail unenveloped, the distinction often , but not always reliable, made between them is that "postal cards are issued by the postal authority or entity with the" postal indica "(or" Seal ") prior to them, while private postcards are issued and require affixing a stamp glue (although there are some cases of a postal service the issue of non-stamped postcards). Postcards are often printed on the promotion of tourism, with pictures of resorts, tourist attractions or humorous messages on the front and the possibility of a short message from the sender be written on the back. The shipping required for postcards is generally less than postage needed for standard letters, but certain technical aspects such as their oversized or cut-outs [3] can result in the payment of the first-class fare is required. Postcards are also used by magazines for new subscriptions. In many magazines are postage-paid subscription cards that a reader can fill out and mail back to the publisher to be billed for a subscription to the magazine. In this mode, magazines also use postcards for other purposes, including reader surveys, contests or information requests. Large envelopes are also sent through the mail. They are often made of sturdy material than standard envelopes, and are often used by companies to carry documents not be folded or damaged, such as legal documents and contracts. Because of their size, larger envelopes are sometimes additional shipping charge. Packages are often sent by a number of postal services, which are generally extra postage than an average letter or postcard. Many postal services are limits to what can and can not be sent in packages, usually placing restrictions or a ban on perishable, hazardous or flammable materials. Some hazardous substances in limited quantities can be provided with appropriate markings and packaging, as an ORM-D label. Moreover, as a result of terrorism, the US Postal Service subjects their packages to various safety tests, often scanning or x-raying packages for materials that can be found in mail bombs. Hybrid mail, sometimes also referred to as L-mail, electronic filing of the e-mail from the mail generator computer directly to a Postal Service provider. The Postal Service provider is then able to use electronic means of the mail pieces sorted, routed and physically produced on a site closest to the delivery point. It is a kind of mail growing in popularity with a number of Post Office operations and individual companies venturing into this market. In some countries, these services are available for printing and e-mails to deliver not receive an e-mail, such as the elderly or infirmed. Mail A Letter is one such service in the United States, the United Kingdom, the Royal Mail offers a similar service. ^ In Australia, Canada and the US, mail is often used, for the post and for letters and packages in New Zealand, mail is more common system for the postal and mail for the material delivered in the United Kingdom, after prevail in both senses. However, the British, American, Australian and Canadian national postal service, respectively, Royal Mail, United States Postal Service, Australia Post, and Canada Post; also fixed expressions such as post office or junk e-mail can be found across the English world.
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